History of UAE

Introduction:

U.A.E stands for United Arab Emirates. United Emirates is the Muslims stage in which 80 million people are living. Out of 80 million 60 million people are foreigners. The religion in this country is Islam. U.A.E  came into being in 1971. Sheik Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is the founder of U.A.E. The UAE’s ancient heritage stretches back for at least 200,000 years with the earliest evidence of ancient settlements dated to 85,000 years ago. By 5500 BC, when the climate was wetter than it is today and food resources abundant, the UAE’s inhabitants were building extensive stone houses, while the pearling industry had begun and maritime trade links with civilizations to the north had been established.

History of UAE:

The U.A.E was formed from the group of tribal's which are along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf and the northwest coast of the Gulf of Oman. By the first century AD overland caravan traffic between Syria and cities in southern Iraq, followed by seaborne travel to the important port of Omana (perhaps present-day Umm al-Qaiwain) and thence to India was an alternative to the Red Sea route used by the Romans. Pearls had been exploited in the area for millennia but at this time the trade reached new heights. Seafaring was also a mainstay and major fairs were held at Dibba, bringing merchants from as far afield as China. The arrival of envoys from the Prophet Muhammad in 630 AD heralded the conversion of the region to Islam with Dibba again featuring, this time as a battleground in the wake of the Prophet’s death. By 637 AD Islamic armies were using Julfar (Ra’s al-Khaimah) as a staging post for the conquest of Iran.

Over many centuries, Julfar became a wealthy port and pearling centre from which great wooden dhows ranged far and wide across the Indian Ocean.

The Portuguese arrival in the Gulf in the sixteenth century had bloody consequences for the Arab residents of Julfar and east coast ports like Dibba, Bidiya, Khor Fakkan and Kalba. However, while European powers competed for regional supremacy, a local power, the Qawasim, was gathering strength. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the Qawisim had built up a fleet of over 60 large vessels and could put nearly 20,000 sailors to sea, eventually provoking a British offensive to control the maritime trade routes between the Gulf and India For many years the kings of U.A.E was in a huge dispute.They have problems regarding with the borders with each other. From 17^th to 19^th century European and Arab navies were patrolling this area especially Ras al-khaimah. In that time United Kingdom ruled on this area. In 1853, they signed a treaty with the United Kingdom, under which the sheikhs agree to a "perpetual maritime truce."It was enforced     by the united kingdom, and disputes among sheikhs were solved by the agreement of the tribal kings. In 1955, the United Kingdom start his contribution to solve the border dispute between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia. The border with Oman was also a problem but the two governments agreed to delineate the border in May 1999. The six kings which were ( Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, Umm al Qaywayn.) combined in 1971.The seven state which is Ras al Khaymah  joined the union in 1972.When the British-Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on December 1, 1971, they became fully independent.

In 2004, the U.A.E first and only president until that time, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, died. His eldest son and Crown prince, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, succeeded him as Ruler of Abu Dhabi. In accordance with the Constitution, the U.A.E Supreme Council of Rulers elected Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan as U.A.E. Federal President. Mohammed bin Zayed al Nahyan succeeded Khalifa as Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi. In January 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, U.A.E .Vice President and Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, passed away and was replaced by his brother, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.

Conclusion:

Today, the economy of the UAE depends to a large extent on its export of oil and gas, which have provided the basis for industrial development. However, the export of raw materials is nothing new. Over 5000 years ago, copper was being mined in the UAE Mountains and was being exported to Mesopotamia. These contacts persisted and became wide-ranging as the climate became more arid and fortified oasis communities focused on agriculture.

References:

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5444.htm

http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf_2010/Yearbook2010_EN

Global warming (( final project ))

Introduction

The meaning of global warming is the increasing of earth heat, and it happens due to the effect of a greenhouse gases that found in the atmosphere of the earth and collect heat and light from the sun.

Global warming

Global warming has become the most complicated and danger issues in the world. This phenomena causes due to the trapping sun heat in the earth, this is like when heat is trapped in a car when you park it in very hot day in which the heat and light from the sun can get into the car by going through the windows, but it can't get back out. This is same of green house effect on earth, the heat and light get in through atmosphere, but it didn’t get out, and that's resulting in rising the temperature of the earth. Although the earth planet enjoyed with atmosphere have natural green house gases as (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor) which have many benefits to make the earth more specialized and significant than other planet due to the existences of these gases in it's atmosphere that make the temperature on the earth is more reasonable for the existence of living organism on it by trapping part of sun heat inside the earth and carried out the other heat to the space outside earth, and  Without it, the earth would be freezing, or on the other hand it would be burning hot.  It would be freezing at night because the sun would be down, so we wouldn't get the sun’s heat and light to make the night somewhat warm. Although the greenhouse effect makes the earth able to have people living on it, but when the concentration of these gases changed and increased like carbon dioxide for example, due to increase the pollution level in the atmosphere and the extraction of poisonous gases usually from factories and traffics, it is leading to increase the impacting of these gases by trapping sun heat and don't carry out some of it outside the earth leading to increase in earth surface. Not only changing in concentration of natural greenhouse gases leading to this phenomena but Also by addition some of artificial gases that made by human's manufactures, burning fuels, cutting down forest, and by taking part in other activities that release certain heat trapping gases into the air which have the same effect of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere as (carbon mono-oxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, lead)

Global warming getting earth to be more warmer , these changes may be small in this period, but we are expected to grow and speed up within the next fifty to hundred years and make the earth hotter than it has been in the past million years. These unbalance in earth climate may make the ocean warm leaded to death for many aquatic organisms, glaciers melt and make land and cities along coasts flooded, also heat and drought may causes forests to die and failing for food crops.  So these changes in climate causes unbalance to the environmental system and have a significant impact in all live organisms, in which it is danger due to their inability to faces these changes.

Solutions for avoiding global warming

All people in whole world must be looking forward to this phenomena and make a lot of things to deal with global warm, by solving global warming we will improve our lives by cleaning up air pollution while providing in clean energy, green jobs and smart energy solutions .We need to drive smarter cars, save money with energy efficient homes and offices, build better communities and transportation networks, stopping make carbon dioxide by searching for any renewable energy instead of using oil and coal, plant more trees to absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen and reducing uses more energy to be environmental friendly and reduce the rising of temperature.

Conclusion

Global warming getting earth to be more warmer , these changes may be small in this period, but we are expected to grow and speed up So from now scientists, government and all individuals must work together to overcome this serious threat. By making small changes now in the way we live we may be avoiding huge changes in the future.

References

http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/global_warming.htm

http://altrapoint.com/tag/global-warming/

http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/

Emirates Palace Hotel, Abu Dhabi

On Sunday 23 October, the elite group from ADMC supervised by Mr. Hedley attended the GCC & Financial integration forum. We arrived on time to Emirate Palace, where the conference was located. Everybody had their names tagged on a card hanging on our shoulders.
The conference that we attended was divided to three sessions and
the first speaker was Dr Abdul Aziz Aluwaisheg, Director General International Economic Relations GCC Secretariat. He was speaking fluent English and we had to use a translation and he talked mainly about the history developments and agreements that were made in recent years by GCC countries in reducing tariffs in the GCC area.
The second speaker was Lukas Stemitsiotis, Head of Unit in the European Commission, EU, and he spoke about the problems and challenges faced by European countries and focused on the debt facing Greece and how to solve this problem.
The third speaker was Dr Aladdin Rillo, Director and Chief Economist ASEAN Integration Monitoring Office. He spoke of the experiences of the Association of South East Asian Nations. He mentioned ASEAN’s Mutual Recognition Arrangements, already implemented for engineers and architects. He talked about the difference between European countries and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and ASEAN; also he spoke about some of the difficulties faced by European countries and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and ASEAN; also he spoke about some of the difficulties facing ASEAN and how they can overcome them.
The session closed with a general discussion which proved to be more of a number of isolated statements rather than a genuine debate.

Dubai crowd

In recent years, Dubai became more familiar than it was before; it has gained popularity among different countries of the world. Dubai has faced economic development that has affected daily life. Recently individuals are demanding an easy and fast life. Everybody is looking towards owning a luxury flat or car.

I took over an hour to get to my work this morning. Double what it should usually take for me.  Most of my journey was spent, exhausted, and stuck frozen and motionless in traffic moving not an inch. Not only were there for some strange reason several road works going on, but the heavy rain meant that frustratingly drivers decided to adopt a 10mph speed limit. Besides that the Dubai government has settled easy rules to register a car which makes it easy for every one to get a driving license after a period of training. Giving the chance to everybody to get a diving license leads to a big crowd in the city because of the increasing numbers of cars without previous plans for the roads to accept this amount of increase.

If we go back to Dubai's location we will come to know that Dubai is located in the middle of the other Emirates and is considered as a link between all the other emirates   i.e. Abu Dhabi and the Northern Emirates which can be considered as a good reason for the traffic situation. On the other hand the other reason for the traffic situation in Dubai is that most people work in the city and live outside. The last reason for the traffic situation is the large vehicles using the roads inside the city.

WORD	SYNONYM	ANTONYM
Happy	Joyful, glad, pleased	Sad, unhappy, depressed, down, heartbroken ,miserable, blue
shout	Scream, yell, shriek	Whisper
Clever	Smart, intelligent, brilliant, bright	Dull, stupid, idiotic dumb, dim, thick, cloddish
exciting	Interesting, thrilling	Boring, dull, uninteresting,
furious	Angry, mad, irate, enraged	Calm, mild, pleased,

Hedley's trip to the Niah Caves

Thirty years ago, Hedley and his wife and his elder daughter Kate, travelled from Brunei to the Niah Caves in Sarawak, Malaysia. He travelled there by many things such as car, ferry, boat, and on foot. They set out early in the morning. They arrived in Malaysia at dusk when it's sunset. They stayed in a government rest house. They saw a lot of things like caves, birds, bamboo poles, men climbing to scrape birds' nests off the roof of the cave, in order to sell them to the Chinese.
They returned to Brunei the next day.